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NEW DELHI: India and Pakistan, born 75 years in the past out of the bloody division of the British Raj, are deeply troubled neighbours, at odds over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
Listed here are key dates within the fraught relations of the nuclear-armed rivals:
1947: Bloody partition
In a single day on August 14-15, 1947, Lord Louis Mountbatten, the final viceroy of India, brings the curtain down on two centuries of British rule. The Indian sub-continent is split into primarily Hindu India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.
A poorly ready partition throws life into disarray, displacing some 15 million and unleashing sectarian bloodshed that kills presumably greater than one million individuals.
1949: Kashmir divided
Late in 1947, conflict breaks out between the 2 neighbours over Kashmir, a Muslim-majority area within the Himalayas.
A UN-backed, 770-kilometre (478-mile) ceasefire line in January 1949 turns into a de facto frontier dividing the territory, now often known as the Line of Management and closely militarised on each side.
Some 37 per cent of the territory is run by Pakistan and 63 per cent by India, with each claiming it in full.
1965-72: Second conflict
Pakistan launches a conflict in August-September 1965 in opposition to India for management of Kashmir. It ends inconclusively seven weeks later after a ceasefire brokered by the Soviet Union.
1971: Bangladesh is born
The neighbours combat a 3rd conflict in 1971, over Islamabad’s rule in then East Pakistan, with New Delhi supporting Bengali nationalists looking for independence for what would in March 1971 turn out to be Bangladesh. Three million individuals die within the quick conflict.
1974: Marking nuclear territory
India detonates its first atomic gadget in 1974, whereas Pakistan’s first public check won’t come till Could 1998. India carries out 5 exams that yr and Pakistan six. Respectively the world’s sixth and seventh nuclear powers, they stoke world concern and sanctions.
1989-90: Revolt
An rebellion breaks out in Kashmir in opposition to New Delhi’s rule in 1989, and 1000’s of fighters and civilians are killed within the following years as battles between safety forces and Kashmiri militants roil the area.
Widespread human rights abuses are documented on each side of the battle because the insurgency takes maintain.
1000’s of Kashmiri Hindus flee to different components of India from 1990 fearing reprisal assaults.
1999-2003: Kargil battle
In 1999, Pakistan-backed militants cross the disputed Kashmir border, seizing Indian navy posts within the icy heights of the Kargil mountains. Indian troops push the intruders again, ending the 10-week battle, which prices 1,000 lives on each side.
The battle ends beneath strain from the US.
A sequence of assaults in 2001 and 2002, which India blames on Pakistani militants, results in a brand new mobilisation of troops on each side.
A ceasefire is said alongside the frontier in 2003, however a peace course of launched the next yr ends inconclusively.
2008-2016: Mumbai assaults
In November 2008, Islamist gunmen assault the Indian metropolis of Mumbai and kill 166 individuals. India blames Pakistan’s intelligence service for the assault and suspends peace talks.
Contacts resume in 2011, however the scenario is marred by sporadic combating.
Indian troops stage cross-border raids in Kashmir in opposition to separatist positions.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi makes a shock go to in December 2015 to Pakistan.
2019-22: Crackdown
India vows retaliation after 41 paramilitary members are killed in a 2019 suicide assault in Kashmir claimed by a Pakistan-based militant group.
Tit-for-tat air strikes between the 2 nations take them to the brink of conflict.
Later that yr, India immediately revokes Kashmir’s restricted autonomy beneath the structure, detaining 1000’s of political opponents within the territory.
Authorities impose what turns into the world’s longest web shutdown and troops are despatched to strengthen the estimated half one million safety forces already stationed there.
Tens of 1000’s of individuals, primarily civilians, have been killed since 1990 within the insurgency.
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